Edited by Roger J. Stancliffe, Ph.D., & K. Charlie Lakin, Ph.D.

With many state agencies under budgetary pressure, solid information on costs and outcomes of services for people with disabilities has never been more important. Now, for the first time ever, that hard-to-find information is collected in a single volume for policy makers, advocates, providers, and researchers. Blending original research with policy analysis, critical reviews of existing knowledge, and examples of cutting-edge programs and policies, this book shows you what works and helps you make sound decisions about how to allocate resources. You’ll examine

• differences in outcomes and costs among various community service models direct and indirect costs of family care
  
  
• the criteria used to allocate funds for community services
  
  
• ways to develop a rational, equitable budgeting process that facilitates the desired lifestyle of each person
  
  
• public policy considerations involved in developing individual budgets in a statewide system of services
  
  
• the debate over independent budgets versus traditional funding
  
  
• costs and outcomes of consumer directed services (self-determination)
  
  
• the question of whether greater expenditures and more staff lead to better outcomes
  
  
• the impact of residential setting size and institutional downsizing on per-person expenditure
  
  
• recommendations for future policy and practice

The highly respected contributors to this volume represent a wide range of fields, including disability services, research, evaluation, policy analysis, and administration. Contributors from the UK and Australia add an international perspective. With their combined research and perspectives, you’ll be better prepared to meet federal mandates for individualized services and improve the quality of life for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

About the Editors
About the Contributors
Foreword
Steven M. Eidelman
Acknowledgments

1. Context and Issues in Research on Expenditures and Outcomes of Community Supports
Roger J. Stancliffe and K. Charlie Lakin

2. Public Spending for Developmental Disabilities in the United States: An Historical–Comparative Perspective
David Braddock, Mary C. Rizzolo, Richard Hemp, and Susan Parish

3. Community Living, Outcomes, and Economies of Scale
David Felce and Eric Emerson

4. Family Care for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities
Darrell R. Lewis and David R. Johnson

5. Home- and Community-Based Services: Costs, Utilization, and Outcomes
K. Charlie Lakin, Amy Hewitt, Sheryl A. Larson, and Roger J. Stancliffe

6. Semi-Independent Living and Group Homes in Australia
Roger J. Stancliffe

7. Costs and Outcomes of Community Residential Supports in England
Eric Emerson, Janet Robertson, Chris Hatton, Martin Knapp, Angela Hallam, and Patricia Noonan Walsh

8. Predictors of Expenditures in Western States
Edward M. Campbell, Jon Fortune, Janice K. Frisch, Laird W. Heal, Kenneth B. Heinlein, Robert M. Lynch, and Donald D. Severance

9. Individual Budgets and Freedom from Staff Control
Roger J. Stancliffe and K. Charlie Lakin

10. Outcomes of Self-Determination in Michigan: Quality and Costs
Michael J. Head and James W. Conroy

11. Individual Budgets According to Individual Needs: The Wyoming DOORS System
Jon Fortune, Gary Smith, Edward M.Campbell, Robert T. Clabby II, Kenneth B. Heinlein, Robert M. Lynch, and Jerry Allen

12. Having it Your Way: A National Study of Individual Budgeting Practices
Charles Moseley, Robert Gettings, & Robin E. Cooper

13. The Economics of Deinstitutionalization
Roger J. Stancliffe, K. Charlie Lakin, John Shea, Robert W. Prouty, and Kathryn Coucouvanis

14. Expenditures and Outcomes: Future Directions in Policy and Research
K. Charlie Lakin, and Roger J. Stancliffe